Analysis of Paddy Field Functions for Environmental Conservation in the Noongan and Panasen Sub-Watersheds
Keywords:
Irrigated Paddy Fields, Land Suitability Evaluation, Ecosystem Services, Environmental Conservation, Tondano WatershedAbstract
The Tondano Watershed has experienced significant conversion of irrigated paddy fields, with a loss of 2,966.49 ha between 2002 and 2015, mainly due to the expansion of residential areas (1,434.24 ha) and conversion to other agricultural land (2,279.70 ha). Together with illegal logging in the upstream watershed, these changes have disrupted environmental stability by accelerating soil erosion, reducing water infiltration, increasing sedimentation, and intensifying flood and landslide hazards. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of paddy fields in the Noongan and Panasen Sub-Watersheds for environmental conservation. The research employed a land suitability evaluation based on biophysical characteristics, followed by an assessment of the multifunctional ecological roles of irrigated paddy fields. The analysis identified 4,206 ha (40.11%) of irrigated paddy land as S3 (marginally suitable), distributed across seven districts, indicating their suitability for designation as Sustainable Food Agricultural Land (LP2B). The findings demonstrate that paddy fields provide essential ecosystem services through three dimensions. Direct benefits include rice production, income generation, employment, and household food security. Indirect ecological benefits include soil and water conservation, erosion and runoff control, flood mitigation, sediment reduction, air purification, microclimate regulation, and climate change mitigation. Intrinsic ecological values include biodiversity conservation, environmental education, nutrient cycling, and provision of suitable rooting conditions for vegetation. These findings highlight that conserving irrigated paddy fields is fundamental not only for maintaining food production but also for strengthening watershed resilience, preserving ecosystem functions, and promoting long-term environmental sustainability.
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